Centrala cu tiraj natural sau forțat - Recomandările specialiștilor pentru o alegere corectă

Posted by Paul Topala 27.09.2021 160 Comment(s)

persoana care repara o centrala termica

Centralele termice, care funcționează prin arderea unui combustibil lichid, gazos sau solid, sunt echipamente des întâlnite în casele românilor, mai ales în zonele rurale, unde sistemul centralizat de apă caldă și încălzire nu există, sau în orașe, la proprietarii ce vor să aibă control asupra cheltuielilor în această direcție. Soluțiile tehnologice în această privință sunt extrem de variate, echipamentele având tot felul de facilități și opțiuni, însă comun tuturor este prezența sistemului de evacuare a gazelor arse în exteriorul locuinței. Pentru a realiza acest lucru poate fi aleasă o soluție din cele două existente: a tirajului natural și a tirajului forțat.

În articolul de mai jos vei afla care sunt principiile de funcționare a celor două sisteme de evacuare a gazelor arse, dar și ce avantaje sau dezavantaje caracterizează fiecare alegere.

Cuprins

1. Centrale termice cu tiraj forțat și natural - Avantaje și dezavantaje

2. Cum funcționează centrala cu tiraj natural și cea cu tiraj forțat

1. Centrale termice cu tiraj forțat și natural - Avantaje și dezavantaje

persoana care verifica tevile de apa si de gaz ale unei centrale termice

În centralele termice, ce funcționează pe baza arderii combustibilului, încălzirea apei calde se face într-un cazan ce intră în contact cu flăcările produse în focar. În această zonă ajunge combustibilul (lemn, cărbune, peleți, gaze naturale) care arde și emite căldură. În urma arderii rezultă o cantitate apreciabilă de fum și alte gaze care sunt toxice și care trebuie să fie eliminate în exterior. Pentru a se realiza acest lucru, centralele termice au în componență un sistem de evacuare a gazelor arse. În mod tradițional se utilizează tirajul natural, însă mai avantajos și mai eficient este tirajul forțat.

Tirajul forțat funcționează prin folosirea unui ventilator ce forțează gazele arse să iasă în exterior, îndeplinind în același timp și rolul de a aduce aer proaspăt pentru întreținerea flăcării din centrală. Printre avantajele acestui sistem se numără:

Admisia și evacuarea gazelor se fac printr-o tubulatura orizontală, plasată direct pe peretele centralei, ceea ce simplifică montarea sistemului;
Prin folosirea sistemului de tiraj forțat centrala poate fi montată în orice spațiu al locuinței, inclusiv în debarale, balcoane sau camere foarte mici;
Alimentarea flăcării cu oxigen se face cu aer din exterior;
Echipamentul este sigur, nepermițând pătrunderea gazelor arse, toxice, în locuință.

Printre dezavantajele sistemului se numără prețul mai ridicat față de variantele clasice de tiraj natural, precum și nefuncționarea sistemului în cazul în care curentul electric este întrerupt din diferite cauze.

Tirajul natural este reprezentat de clasicul coș de fum ce adună și elimină în exterior gazele arse. Specialiștii recomandă montarea sistemului doar în anumite împrejurări, deoarece nu este la fel de eficient și de sigur ca tirajul forțat. Alte dezavantaje ale tirajului natural sunt:

Necesitatea existenței unui horn zidit, suficient de înalt ca să se realizeze tirajul natural;
Centralele cu tiraj natural nu pot fi montate în spații înguste și neventilate (volumul minim al camerei în care va fi montata instalatia trebuie sa fie de 18 m2
Sistemul nu este în totalitate sigur, existând posibilitatea pătrunderii gazelor arse în locuință dacă hornul nu este întreținut corect
Alimentarea cu oxigen a focului din centrală se face cu aer din interior, ceea ce duce la necesitatea aerisirii încăperii și la micșorarea eficienței dispozitivului

Există, însă, și câteva avantaje ale sistemului, anume posibilitatea ca o astfel de centrală termică să funcționeze și atunci când curentul electric lipsește și prețul mai redus al sistemului față de cealaltă opțiune.

2. Cum funcționează centrala cu tiraj natural și cea cu tiraj forțat

Cele două tipuri de evacuări au aproximativ același rol, dar funcționează după principii diferite. În cazul tirajului natural la funcționarea lui stă proprietatea aerului de a deveni mai ușor atunci când este încălzit. Astfel, gazele arse, care sunt fierbinți, au tendința să se ridice și să creeze în interiorul centralei o zonă de joasă presiune, ce va fi ocupată de aer proaspăt din încăpere. În acest fel se produce un efect de tiraj cu atât mai puternic cu cât holul este mai înalt. Acest lucru este, uneori, o problema, pentru ca montarea unui astfel de horn este problematică, fiind necesară apelarea la soluții tehnice complicate.

Tirajul forțat funcționează prin plasarea unui ventilator electric în interiorul unei tubulaturi. Ventilatorul forțează gazele arse spre exterior, aducând în același timp de afară către centrala termică aerul proaspăt, ce sprijină arderea combustibilului.

În concluzie, persoanele care doresc să-și instaleze o centrală termică ar trebui să aleagă sistemul de evacuare a gazelor arse în funcție de locuințe și, mai ales, de plasarea centralei în interiorul acesteia.

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